Here Balibar expands his analysis of ‘transnational citizenship’ (see Politics and the Other Scene) from the perspective of contemporary Europe, particularly post-1989. He explores key issues such as what he calls ‘European apartheid,’ problems of multiculturalism and the demand for ‘integration,’ the increasing establishment of internal and external borders, limits on movement, employment, and citizenship, all of which render European states unequal even as they join the EU.