Roy’s work considers the emergence of militant, fundamentalist Islam as a consequence and driver of globalization, as radical movements have managed to become ‘de-territorialized’ and delink themselves from nationalist frameworks. At the same time, there are significant forms of what Roy calls ‘western Islam,’ that have emerged among Muslims living in non-Muslim countries, with major implications for Western European nations in particular (such as France, the Netherlands) See Introduction: Islam: A Passage to the West, Muslims in the West, and Islam in the West or the Westernisation of Islam.